Skip to main content
Art and Science in the Early Modern World

Conclusion

Ideas of perfection and imperfection have existed in our society for centuries, they can be traced all the way back centuries and millennia by analyzing different religions and their portrayal of sentient beings. What began as simply depicting a human in its primal form as the Greeks and Romans had done eventually transformed into a spiritualistic representation of good versus evil and light versus dark. With the birth of Islam and Christianity came changes as to how Angels and Demons were perceived in art. Angels became the symbol of peace, love, and hope while the Demons became disfigured humanoid beings who would try to tempt mankind to sin. This ideology, however, had lasting impacts on society and its views on certain people. More specifically, these ideas led to the beliefs that people who were physically perfect and had fair skin tone were superior, while those with deformities were being imperfect or inferior to those who weren’t. People with physical disabilities and/or deformities were signs of divine intervention from God, almost as if they had been punished for sinning. Sometimes this would have small implications, such as being treated slightly differently in communities, and other times there would be profound consequences as each religion would attempt to further an agenda a political/religious propaganda and to enslave and dehumanize people from diverse backgrounds. It may seem easy to look back on it today and think negatively of the societies for doing these things, yet on closer look, it is clear to see that these ideas persist today as a remnant of our dark past.

Bibliography

Aldrovandi, Ulisse, et al. Monstrorum Historia. Les Belles Lettres, 2002.

Arjana, Sophia Rose. Muslims in the Western Imagination. Oxford University, 2015.

Chet Van Duzer, “Hic sunt dracones: The Geography and Cartography of

Monsters,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, 387-435

Dana Oswald. “Monstrous Gender: Geographies of Ambiguity,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, 342 - 363

Francesca Leoni, “On the Monstrous in the Islamic Visual Tradition.” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, 151-172

Ghadessi, Touba. “Lords and Monsters: Visible Emblems of Rule.” I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance, University of Chicago, 14 Nov. 2017, www.academia.edu/5292509/Lords_and_Monsters_Visible_Emblems_of_Rule.

Jolly, Penny Howell. Made in God's Image? Eve and Adam in the Genesis Mosaics at San Marco, Venice. California Studies in the History of Art. Discovery Series, 4. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

 Maqsood, Ruqaiyyah Waris. Islam. Need to know? London: Collins, 2008.

Mittman, Asa Simon. “The Unlucky, the Bad and the Ugly: Categories of Monstrosity from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous, 49-75

 Pare, Ambroise, and Janis L. Pallister. On Monsters and Marvels. University of Chicago Press, 1983, 9-33

Tolstoy, Leo, et al. The Devil. Melville House Publishing, 2004.

---------------The Holy Bible: Containing the Old and New Testaments. Oxford University Press, 2002.